{"id":2311,"date":"2020-12-10T20:31:01","date_gmt":"2020-12-10T20:31:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/northumberlandkt.com\/?page_id=2311"},"modified":"2020-12-20T13:34:32","modified_gmt":"2020-12-20T13:34:32","slug":"the-battle-of-montgisard-1177","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/northumberlandkt.com\/?page_id=2311","title":{"rendered":"The\u00a0Battle of Montgisard 1177"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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The\u00a0Battle of Montgisard 1177<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Templar Fighting Spirit Immortalised<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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By E Kt Lt Col Ian G Harper Prov Swd B<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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The Battle of Montgisard was fought between the Kingdom of Jerusalem<\/b> and the Ayyubids Muslims<\/b> under command of Saladin on 25 November 1177 at Montgisard, in the Levant between Ramala and Yibna. This sits in the period being between the Second and Third Crusades<\/b>. <\/p>\n

The Franks, at this time, were led by the 16-year-old King Baldwin IV<\/b>, who was seriously afflicted by leprosy and heavily bandaged. His Christian force was heavily outnumbered when compared to Saladin’s troops in what became one of the most notable successful Crusader engagements of the Middle Ages and one where the Knights Templar\u2019s fighting spirit, marshal discipline and gutsy heroism shone light the bright morning star. <\/p>\n

Saladin\u2019s army was quickly routed and pursued by the Franks for twelve miles. Saladin withdrew back to Cairo, reaching the city on 8 December,<\/b> with only a tenth of the army he fielded. The loss of life, experience, weapons, treasure, horses and mules represented a strategic military and reputational disaster for Saladin and the Saracens, shifting the balance of power in the Franks favour up until Hattin. <\/p>\n

Some Muslim historians considered Saladin’s defeat to be so severe that it was only redeemed by his victory ten years later at the Battle of Hattin in 1187<\/b>, although Saladin defeated Baldwin IV in the Battle of Marj Ayyun in 1179, only to be defeated by Baldwin IV again at the Battle of Belvoir Castle in 1182.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Background<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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In 1177, King\u00a0Baldwin IV, and\u00a0Philip of Alsace\u00a0who had recently arrived on pilgrimage, planned an alliance with the\u00a0Byzantine Empire\u00a0for a naval attack on\u00a0Egypt. However, none of these grand plans came to fruition.\u00a0<\/p>

Instead, Philip decided to join\u00a0Raymond of Tripoli’s expedition to attack the Saracen stronghold of Hama in northern Syria. A large crusader army, the\u00a0Knights Hospitaller\u00a0and many\u00a0Templar knights\u00a0followed him. This left the Kingdom of Jerusalem with very few troops to defend its various territories.<\/p>

Meanwhile,\u00a0Saladin\u00a0was planning his own campaign mobilising from Egypt aiming to retake the Holy City by force and set off on 18 November 1177. When he was informed of the expedition north, leaving the Holy City unprotected, he wasted no time in mobilising his forces by invading the kingdom with an army of some 30,000 men.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Learning of Saladin’s plans,\u00a0Baldwin IV\u00a0left Jerusalem with, according to\u00a0William of Tyre, only 375 knights to attempt a defence at\u00a0Ascalon. However, Baldwin was intercepted and pinned there by an advanced vanguard of troops sent by Saladin.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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With Baldwin successfully fixed, Saladin left part of his army to besiege\u00a0Gaza\u00a0and a smaller force redeployed to reinforce the vanguard at Ascalon and marched northward with the rest.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Opposing Forces<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The true numbers are impossible to estimate, since the Christian sources refer only to knights and give no account of the number of infantry and\u00a0turcopoles, except that it is evident from the number of the dead and wounded that there must have been more men than the 375 knights.<\/p>

However, modern historians generally deem the number of Frankish troops to have been lower; 375 knights and 80 Templars (led by the Grand Master, Odo de St Amand), for less than 500 armoured heavy cavalry, as well as between 2,500\u00a0to 4,000 infantry and archers (spearmen, swordsmen, axemen, crossbowmen and\u00a0turcopoles).<\/p>

It is also uncertain whether the so-called knights included mounted\u00a0sergeants\u00a0or\u00a0squires, or whether they were true knights. On balance of probabilities and our understanding, it is likely these numbers also included mounted sergeants.<\/p>

One contemporary chronicler gave a strength of 7,000 for the Latin army, while another contemporary estimate of 20,000 was probably a textual corruption of 10,000.

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With a Frankish force being so small and physically deployed on open ground, could explain why Saladin did not remotely believe such a tiny force of Christians should be considered a threat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Confidently he marched at his leisure on Jerusalem, allowing his army to fragment and disperse out across the countryside to pillage the Kingdom\u2019s farmlands.<\/p>

Just as uncertain are the numbers of Saladin\u2019s forces. An 1181 review listed Saladin’s Mamluk forces at 6,976\u00a0Ghulams\u00a0and 1,553 Qaraghulams.<\/p>

However, there would have been additional soldiers available in\u00a0Syria\u00a0and elsewhere, while auxiliaries might have accompanied the Mamluks.<\/p>

William of Tyre reported Saladin’s strength as 26,000 (light horse), while an anonymous chronicler estimated 12,000 Turkish and 9,000 Arab troops.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Irrespective of the accuracy of the numbers, Saladin was able to deploy in the field an experienced trained force that dwarfed Baldwin\u2019s.<\/p>

Accompanying Baldwin, who was on horseback (not on a litter as some think and depicted in the renaissance painting above) was\u00a0Raynald de Ch\u00e2tillon, Lord of\u00a0Oultrejordain, who had just been released from captivity in\u00a0Aleppo\u00a0in 1176. Raynald was a fierce enemy of Saladin and was King Baldwin’s second-in-command. However, due to Baldwin\u2019s condition, the Frankish forces were physically led by Raynald.

Also with the army were\u00a0Baldwin of Ibelin, his brother\u00a0Balian,\u00a0Reginald Grenier\u00a0and\u00a0Joscelin III of Edessa.\u00a0With Odo de Saint-Amand, Grand Master of the\u00a0Knights Templar, came with 80 Templar knights who had forced their way out of the besieged city of Gaza.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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The Battle<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Saladin\u00a0continued his march towards Jerusalem, thinking that Baldwin would not dare to follow him with so few men at his disposal. He attacked\u00a0Ramla,\u00a0Lydda\u00a0and\u00a0Arsuf, and assessing that Baldwin was not a danger to his forces, he allowed his army to be spread out over a large area, pillaging and foraging. \u00a0<\/p>

Saladin’s overconfidence about the size of his own army seems to have been part of his undoing. However, unbeknown to Saladin, the forces he had left to subdue the King had been insufficient and were overcome and now both Baldwin and the Templars, having come from Gaza, were marching to intercept him before he reached Jerusalem. Further, with his forces being widely dispersed, communication, command and control were in effect non-existent.<\/p>

\u00a0<\/span>The Christians, led by the 16 year old Baldwin IV, shadowed the Saracens executing a tactical sweep north along the coast then manoeuvring South-East, catching Saladin by surprise at Montgisard, near\u00a0Ramla<\/a>. \u00a0<\/p>

The location is disputed, as Ramla was a large region that included the town under the same name. Malcolm Barber equates Montgisard with the mound of al-afiya.\u00a0Saladin’s chronicler\u00a0Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani<\/a>\u00a0refers to the battle taking place by the mound of Al-Safiya, potentially modern\u00a0Tell es-Safi<\/a>\u00a0near the village of Menehem, not far from\u00a0Ashkelon<\/a>, and within the contemporary Ramla province.\u00a0

Al-Safiya means white and, indeed, the Es-Safi hill is white with the foundations of a Crusader castle recently found at the top, called\u00a0Blanchegarde<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Ibn Al-Ath\u012br, one of the Arab chroniclers, mentions that Saladin intended to lay siege to a Crusader castle in the area. But Saladin’s baggage train had been apparently become mired hindering its onward movement. The Egyptian chroniclers agree that the baggage had been delayed at a river crossing.<\/p>

Saladin was taken totally by surprise. His army was in disarray. Part of it had been held up by the mired baggage train while another part of his force was widely dispersed into raiding parties across the countryside. Some men had to hurry to collect their weapons from the baggage train.<\/p>

Anchoring his line on a nearby hill, Saladin’s options were limited as his cavalry was spent by the long march from Egypt and subsequent looting. Saladin’s army, was now in a state of panic but tried to regain some degree of coherence rushing to reform and make battle lines to confront the Franks.<\/p>

What the Saracens also failed to realise was they had been carefully manoeuvred on to swampy ground where superior numbers acted against them. The local knowledge of the ground being likely attributed to Lord Iblin.
As Baldwin\u2019s army looked upon Saladin’s, the King summoned the Bishop of Bethlehem to ride forward and raise aloft a piece of the True Cross. The emotional and inspirational impact of presenting the True Cross just before battle cannot be underestimated.\u00a0<\/p>

The King, whose teenage body was already ravaged by aggressive leprosy, was helped from his horse and dropped to his knees before the cross. He prayed to God for victory and rose to his feet to cheers from his men, who were moved and deeply inspired by what they had just witnessed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Forming for battle, Baldwin, Raynald’s Knights and the Templars, even though numerically inferior, executed a full frontal heavy armoured cavalry charge at the centre of Saladin’s hurriedly formed battle lines, immediately inflicting heavy casualties. The impact was immediate and devastating, creating a wedge, breaking the enemy formation.<\/p>

Baldwin, as weakened as he was by his condition, fought right alongside his men, which, as it would for Henry V at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, had an inspiring effect on his army.
The Franks, with the disciplined heart of the Templars, put the Ayyubids to rout, driving them from the field. They slaughtered an important number of enemies, several of whom were Saladin’s generals. Faced by the rout of his troops, Saladin found shelter in the heart of his elite guard, composed of one thousand highly disciplined Mamelukes.<\/p>

The Frankish Knights, with the Templars, regrouped to charge this last line of resistance. They broke down the Muslim lines and nearly reached Saladin, who narrowly avoided being killed during the clashes by escaping on a camel. The victory was so complete that the Crusaders succeeded in capturing Saladin’s entire baggage train.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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The King, fighting with bandaged hands to cover his sores, was in the thick of the fighting, further inspiring his troops. Egyptian command was under Saladin’s nephew, Taqi ad-Din. Taqi ad-Din apparently attacked the Franks while Saladin was reforming his Mamluk guard. Taqi\u2019s son Ahmad, died in the early fighting. Saladin’s men were quickly overwhelmed. Saladin luckily, avoided capture by escaping, as Ralph de Diceto claims, on a racing camel. By nightfall, those Egyptians who accompanied Saladin had reached Caunetum Esturnellorum near the mound of\u00a0Tell el-Hesi. This is about 25 miles from Ramla.<\/p>

Baldwin pursued Saladin until nightfall, and then retired to Ascalon. Deluged by ten days of heavy rains and suffering the loss of roughly ninety percent of his army, including his personal bodyguard of\u00a0Mamluks, Saladin fled back to Egypt, harassed by\u00a0Bedouins\u00a0along the way. Only one tenth of his army made it back to Egypt with him.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Aftermath<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Baldwin memorialized his victory by erecting a\u00a0Benedictine\u00a0monastery on the battlefield, dedicated to\u00a0St. Catherine of Alexandria<\/b>, whose feast day fell on the day of the battle.<\/p>

\u00a0However, it was a difficult victory;\u00a0Roger de Moulins<\/b>, Grand Master of the\u00a0Knights Hospitaller, reported that 1,100 men had been killed and 750 returned home wounded.\u00a0<\/p>

Meanwhile,\u00a0Raymond III of\u00a0Tripoli<\/b>\u00a0and\u00a0Bohemund III of Antioch,\u00a0joined Philip of Alsace in a separate expedition against\u00a0Harim\u00a0in\u00a0Syria at the siege of Harim which lasted into 1178. Saladin’s defeat at Montgisard also prevented him from relieving his Syrian vassals.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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References:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hodge SJ: Secrets of the Knights Templar, the hidden history of the world\u2019s most powerful Order<\/strong>, Quercus Editions Ltd, 2013.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Battle of Montgisard<\/a><\/p>

Crusades: Battle of Montgisard<\/a><\/p>

Montgisard<\/a><\/p>

Battaglie in Sintesi<\/a><\/p>

Crusader Kingdoms<\/a><\/p>

Today in Middle Eastern History<\/a><\/p>

The Twelfth Century Battle of Montgisard<\/a><\/p>

Odo de Saint Amand<\/a><\/p>

Knights Templar 8th Grand Master<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The\u00a0Battle of Montgisard 1177 Templar Fighting Spirit Immortalised By E Kt Lt Col Ian G Harper Prov Swd B The Battle of Montgisard was fought between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Ayyubids Muslims under command of Saladin on 25 November 1177 at Montgisard, in the Levant between Ramala and Yibna. This sits in the period being between the Second and Third […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2311","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/northumberlandkt.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2311","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/northumberlandkt.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/northumberlandkt.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/northumberlandkt.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/northumberlandkt.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2311"}],"version-history":[{"count":61,"href":"https:\/\/northumberlandkt.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2311\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2586,"href":"https:\/\/northumberlandkt.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2311\/revisions\/2586"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/northumberlandkt.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2311"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}